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Modern Propulsions for Aerospace-A Review
Relly Victoria Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald Bucinell, Juan Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology , 2017, DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2017.1.8
Abstract: A spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. There are several different methods, each with advantages and disadvantages, spacecraft propulsion being an active area of research. However, most current spacecraft are propelled by forcing a gas exits through the rear of the vehicle at high speed through supersonic nozzle of a rocket engine. All spacecraft are using chemical rockets (fuel or solid fuel) to launch, although some (such as Pegasus missiles and Space Ship One) are using air jet engines in the first step. Most satellites have simple chemical thrusters (often missiles mono) or missiles resistojet to maintain orbit. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades and the new Western geo-orbital spacecraft begin using electric propulsion for orbit maintenance of north-south. There is a need increasingly of more new propulsion systems, modern, technology-based. Copyright ？ 2017 Relly Victoria Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald Bucinell, Juan Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Modern Propulsions for Aerospace-Part II
Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald Bucinell, Juan Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology , 2017, DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2017.9.17
Abstract: Speaking about a new engine ionic means to speak about a new aircraft. The paper presents in a short time the actual engines ion chambers (called the ion thrusters) and other new ionic motors proposed by the authors. The engine (ionic propulsion unit of ions, that accelerates the positive ions through a potential difference) is approximately ten times more efficient than classic system based on combustion. We can further improve the efficiency of the 10-50 times in the case in which is used the pulses of positive ions accelerated in a cyclotron mounted on the ship; efficiency may increase with ease of a thousand times in the case in which the positive ions will be accelerate in a synchrotron high energy, synchrocyclotron or isochronous cyclotron (1-100 GeV). For this, the great classic synchrotron is reduced to a surface-ring (magnetic core). The future (ionic) engine will have a circular particle binding (energy high or very high speed). Thus we can increase the speed and autonomy of the vessel, using a smaller quantity of fuel. It can be used a radiation synchrotron (synchrotron high intensity), with X-ray or gamma radiation. In this case, will result in a beam engine with the wiring (not an ionic engine), which will use only the power (energy, which may be solar energy, nuclear energy, or a combination) and so we will eliminate the fuel. It is suggested to use a powerful LINAC at the outlet of the synchrotron (especially when one accelerates the electron beam) in order not to lose power by photons of the emission premature. With a new ionic engine practically builds a brand new aircraft that can move through the water and air with the same ease. This new aircraft will be able to expedite directly, without an engine with the additional combustion and without the gravity assistance. Copyright ？ 2017 Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald Bucinell, Juan Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
History of Aviation-A Short Review
Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald Bucinell, Juan Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology , 2017, DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2017.30.49
Abstract: The man has always wanted to be able to fly. The dream or although it has achieved, has not been reached yet fully. The fuse of the flight today is much higher than in the past, but is not yet complete. Although they have carried out the steps in the increase of the safety of a ship in flight, there are still many steps to do. For our passengers, but also for our pilots, these brave people and beautiful, it's time to do something in addition, something more. All those who are to get into a ship must be confident that they will fly absolutely without any problems, regardless of the weather, time, climate, brightness, weather conditions, temperature, altitude... In order to achieve a flight higher quality, it is first necessary to know the history of the flight of the man from its inception up today. The present paper wants to present history human flight, as she was in a vision as realistic as possible. The paper is addressed to in the first place to all those who contributed or still contribute to the achievement of this beautiful dream of the man, the flight. According to Aulus Gellius, Archytas philosopher of the old Greek, a mathematician, astronomers, law and political strategist, was considered that has designed and built around 400 B.C., first artificial device of the flight is self-propelled, a model in the form of bird propelled by an steam boost (an engine with the steamer) used as the reactor with steam, about whom they say he flew effectively to about 200 m altitude. This machine, named by its inventor “The Dove”, could be suspended on a wire to fly securely on a path of feed. The inventor of the berbers from the ninth century, Abbas Ibn Firnas, is considered by John Harding to be the first attempt of the flight heavier than air in the history of aviation. In 1010 AD, a British (English) monk, Eilmer of Malmesbury, assumed the piloting of a primitive sliding boat from the Malmesbury Abbey tower. It is said that Eilmer flew over 200 m (180 m) before landing and breaking his legs. He later remarked that the only reason he did not fly further was that he forgot to design his flight instrument and a queue, for which he redesigned his aircraft more technically, but his ancestor took Forbidden any other experiments on the grounds that they are bad (Satanic inspiration) and lead to serious accidents.
Lockheed Martin-A Short Review
Relly Victoria Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald Bucinell, Juan Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology , 2017, DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2017.50.68
Abstract: Lockheed Martin is a company aerospace global American, defense, security and advanced technologies with interests in the world. Has been formed by the merger of Lockheed with Martin Marietta in March 1995. Has its head office in Bethesda, Maryland, in the area of Washington DC. Lockheed Martin has 126,000 employees in the entire world. Marillyn Hewson is the current President and Chief Executive Officer. Lockheed Martin is one of the biggest companies in the aerospace and defense and technologies. Is the largest contractor for the defense of the world based on revenue for the fiscal year 2014. In 2013, 78% of the revenue to Lockheed Martin has come from military sales; this was the main list of contractors with the federal government and the American has received almost 10% of the funds paid by the Pentagon. In 2009, the contracts of the American government were represented by 38.4 billion dollars (85%), the contracts of foreign governmental with 5.8 billion dollars (13%) and the trade contracts and other contracts for 900 million dollars (2%). Lockheed Martin operates in five segments of activity: Aeronautics, information systems and global solutions, missiles and control systems of the fire, rotating systems and the mission and space-based systems. The company received six times Collier County Trophy, including in 2001 in order to be part of the development of the propulsion system X-35/F-35B LiftFan and most recently in 2006 to lead the team that has developed the plane to fight F-22 Raptor. Lockheed Martin is currently developing F-35 Lightning II and lead the international chain of supply, leads the team for the development and implementation of technology solutions for the new SpaceFence (replacement AFSSS USAF) and is the main contractor for the development of the control module (Orion spaceship). The company invests also in the systems of health systems, renewable energy, intelligent distribution of energy and nuclear fusion compact.
About Bell Helicopter FCX-001 Concept Aircraft-A Short Review
Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald Bucinell, Juan Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology , 2017, DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2017.91.96
Abstract: Bell Helicopter is always preparing beautiful surprises for us, so this year has not been outdone and has revealed its vision of its future aircraft model FCX-001, a true vertical elevator, ment to can climb to high altitudes in a record time, with an enviable dynamics and maneuverability. The first appearance of the new model FCX-001 took place at Heli Expo 2017 in Dallas, Texas, where the new concept of the aircraft was presented in this highly stylized form. The aircraft appeared in the Bell stand, both in the form of a large-scale layout and in the virtual reality by using immersive helmets, the two-engine ship incorporating some of the new technologies currently under development at Bell and it is very likely to mature in the near future. At first glance, you are astonished at a cockpit that is totally devoid of physical controls, as if the ship were to run alone, fully automated. Notable elements in the design of the FCX-001 include a fan-driven anti-torque system, hybrid propulsion system, main rotor blade tips, extensive use of fuselage glass, winged doors and the use of augmented reality in the cockpit to control the aircraft. On the very roomy cabin ceiling of the aircraft, configured for only eight passengers in the Heli-Expo model, but able to adapt up to 12 passengers, Bell introduced a "drop-down" control module to allow personalization maximum and increased passenger comfort. The concept is provided with various modules that provide passengers with the ability to adjust their own things, such as cabin light intensity, interior temperature, or infotainment system. When looking closely at the new FCX-001 concept, starting with the back of the aircraft, it does not have a tail rotor (which is essential and notable for Bell's new model). In order to achieve the anti-torque instead, a new multi-rotor system is needed in the hood. It gives the aircraft the ability to push in both directions and also has vector control of the traction, also allowing it to give up a horizontal stabilizer. The anti-torque system is acted by an electric motor as part of a hybridized propulsion system. At the top of the aircraft, the main rotor blades (morphing) have an attractive design. At the same time, technology aims to allow the tip of each blade to move between the different flight regimes, just like a "swing wing" on an airplane to maximize efficiency and performance and reduce noise.
Something about the Balancing of Thermal Motors
Raffaella Aversa, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Bilal Akash, Ronald B. Bucinell, Juan M. Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, Guanying Chen, Shuhui Li, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion T. Petrescu
American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , 2017, DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2017.200.217
Abstract: Internal combustion engines in line (regardless of whether the work in four-stroke engines and two-stroke engines Otto cycle engines, diesel and Lenoir) are, in general, the most used. Their problem of balancing is extremely important for their operation is correct. There are two possible types of balancing: Static and dynamic balance. The total static to make sure that the sum of the forces of inertia of a mechanism to be zero. There are also a static balance partial. Dynamic balance means to cancel all the moments (load) inertia of the mechanism. A way of the design of an engine in a straight line is that the difference between the crank 180 [°] or 120 [°]. A different type of construction of the engine is the engine with the cylinders in the opposite line, called "cylinder sportsmen". In this type of engine (regardless of their position, which is most often vertical) for engines with two cylinders, one has a static balance total and an imbalance in the dynamic. Similar to the model of the earth concentrated in rotation movement are resolved and load balancing shafts rotating parts. An important way to reduce losses of heat engines is how to achieve a better balance. The methods may be used in equal measure and on engines with external combustion, type Stirling or Watt.
Yield at Thermal Engines Internal Combustion
Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald B. Bucinell, Juan M. Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, John Kaiser Calautit, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion T. Petrescu
American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , 2017, DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2017.243.251
Abstract: The paper presents an algorithm to set the parameters of the dynamics of the classic mechanism the main of internal combustion. It shows the distribution of the forces (on the main mechanism of the engine) on engines with internal combustion. With these strong points and together with speeds of kinematic couplings shall be determined when the output of the engine heat shield. The method shall be applied separately for two distinct situations: When the engine is working on a compressor and in the system of the engine. For the two individual cases, two independent formulae are obtained for the efficiency of the engine. With these relations is then calculated with respect to the mechanical efficiency of the engine heat shield Otto, in four-stroke, for two-stroke engines and 4 stroke V. the final yield of the engine is obtained taking into account and thermal efficiency given by the Cycle Carnot program.
Velocities and Accelerations at the 3R Mechatronic Systems
Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald B. Bucinell, Juan M. Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion T. Petrescu
American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , 2017, DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2017.252.263
Abstract: This article presents an original method to determine the speeds and accelerations to structures MP R-3 The structure of the 3R (space) are known (required) rotation speeds of the triggers and must be determined speeds and accelerations of the endeffector M. Starting from the positions of direct kinematic system MP R-3deriving these system of relations in depending on the time, once and then a second time (the second derivation) is first obtains the speeds of the system and for the second time the accelerations endeffector point M. System on which must be resolved has three equations and three independent parameters to determine. Constructive basis is represented by a robot with three degrees of freedom (a robot with three axis of rotation). In the case where a study (analysis) a robot anthropomorphic with three axis of rotation (which represents the main movements, it is absolutely necessary), already has a system of the basis on which it can add other movements (secondary,). All calculations have been arranged and in the form of the array.
Anthropomorphic Solid Structures n-R Kinematics
Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald B. Bucinell, Juan M. Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion T. Petrescu
American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , 2017, DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2017.279.291
Abstract: This paper presents and treats (in an original way) the specific elements of the structures of robotic solid mobile anthropomorphic type. Are "placed on the wallpaper", the geometry and kinematics of the anthropomorphic robotic solid systems, in an original vision of the authors. One presents the inverse kinematics of anthropomorphic systems, with mechanical elements and points: Geometry, cinematic, positions, displacements, velocities and accelerations. They will be presented further two methods (as the most representatives): First one the method trigonometric and second one the geometric method.
Forces at Internal Combustion Engines
Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Ronald B. Bucinell, Juan M. Corchado, Filippo Berto, MirMilad Mirsayar, John Kaiser Calautit, Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion T. Petrescu
American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , 2017, DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2017.382.393
Abstract: The paper presents an algorithm to set the parameters of the dynamics of the classic mechanism the main of internal combustion. It shows the distribution of the forces (on the main mechanism of the engine) on engines with internal combustion. Dynamic, the gears can be distributed in the same way as forces. Practically, in the dynamic regimes, the velocities have the same synchronization as forces. The method shall be applied separately for two distinct situations: When the engine is working on a compressor and in the system of the motor. For the two individual cases, two independent formulae are obtained for the dynamic cinematic forces (gearbox). The calculations shall be made for an engine with a single cylinder. The change of speed in the dynamics feels like a variation of the angular speed of the engine. It is more difficult to be taken into account (theoretically) effect on engine with several cylinders.
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